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Privacy laws explained

What each law covers,
and what it gives you.

DPDP, GDPR, CCPA/CPRA, US state laws, and LGPD all point in the same direction: people should be able to find, access, correct, delete, and control personal data without needing a lawyer to decode the process.

Coverage

India, EU/UK, California, US states, and Brazil

Core rights

Access, deletion, correction, consent control, opt-out, portability, grievance

Product angle

Turn legal rights into request letters, response clocks, evidence, and follow-up workflows

How to read these laws

Rights are clear only when the workflow is clear.

Every privacy law has two sides: what a person can ask for, and what a company must do to answer properly. This page breaks each law into coverage, rights, deadlines, business obligations, limits, and the practical benefit for the customer.

Find the personal data first.

A privacy right is only useful when the company can locate the person across product, billing, marketing, support, and HR systems.

Protect it while workflows run.

Modern privacy laws care about safeguards, access control, retention, and auditability. The operational goal is not just sending a letter; it is keeping the evidence clean.

Prove the response.

Deadlines, identity checks, exceptions, deletion outcomes, and opt-outs all need a record. That is where request tracking becomes more valuable than plain legal text.

Fast comparison

The shape of each law at a glance.

Deadlines and rights vary. The practical pattern is consistent: identify the person, locate their data, honour the right, and keep proof.

Who it protects

India and offshore processing tied to people in India

Response clock

Privacy Conduit uses a 30-day operational target from the shared jurisdiction pack; statutory rights mechanics depend on the phased commencement and Rules.

Most useful for

Gives Indian users a direct route to ask what is stored, why it is used, and who it is shared with

Law

GDPR

Who it protects

European Economic Area and United Kingdom, with extraterritorial reach

Response clock

Without undue delay and generally within 1 month; complex requests can be extended by 2 more months with notice.

Most useful for

Lets individuals see the full picture: data held, purposes, recipients, retention, and sources

Who it protects

California plus a growing patchwork of US states

Response clock

Most consumer requests: 45 calendar days, with a possible 45-day extension after notice.

Most useful for

Turns ad-tech and data broker opacity into an actionable opt-out right

Law

LGPD

Who it protects

Brazil, Brazilian residents, and services aimed at people in Brazil

Response clock

Confirmation can be simplified immediately; a clear and complete access statement is due within 15 days under Article 19.

Most useful for

Gives Brazilian users both access and explanation: origin, purpose, criteria, and sharing

India

Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023

India's digital personal data framework for consent, safeguards, and Data Principal rights.

Who and where

India and offshore processing tied to people in India

Response clock

Privacy Conduit uses a 30-day operational target from the shared jurisdiction pack; statutory rights mechanics depend on the phased commencement and Rules.

Enforcement

Data Protection Board of India; penalties can reach INR 250 crore for specified failures.

What it covers

Digital personal data processed in India, and processing outside India when connected with offering goods or services to Data Principals in India.

Status

Enacted in 2023. The 2025 commencement notification brings provisions online in phases; Data Principal rights sections 11-17 are scheduled for May 13, 2027.

Privacy Conduit view: Privacy Conduit turns DPDP into a structured request with the right Data Principal language, minimal identity data, and a clear escalation path.
Download DPDP official PDFMeitY official guideline / rules PDF

Rights people can use

  • Access a summary of personal data and processing activities
  • Correct inaccurate or incomplete personal data
  • Erase data that no longer has a lawful purpose
  • Withdraw consent as easily as it was given
  • Use grievance redressal and nominate another person to act after death or incapacity

What businesses must operationalise

  • Give clear, standalone notice before consent-based processing
  • Process only for specified purposes or recognised legitimate uses
  • Use reasonable security safeguards to prevent breaches
  • Erase personal data when consent is withdrawn or retention is no longer necessary
  • Publish contact details for grievance handling and respond through prescribed mechanisms

Practical benefit

  • Gives Indian users a direct route to ask what is stored, why it is used, and who it is shared with
  • Makes consent easier to challenge, withdraw, and audit
  • Pushes businesses toward data minimisation instead of indefinite retention

Important limits

  • DPDP is narrower than GDPR: it does not create broad rights to object, restrict processing, or port data.
  • The law applies to digital personal data, including offline data once digitised.
  • The live compliance picture changes as Rules and commencement dates take effect.
EU / UK

General Data Protection Regulation

The benchmark privacy law for access, erasure, portability, accountability, and data protection by design.

Who and where

European Economic Area and United Kingdom, with extraterritorial reach

Response clock

Without undue delay and generally within 1 month; complex requests can be extended by 2 more months with notice.

Enforcement

EU supervisory authorities and the UK ICO; serious infringements can reach EUR 20 million or 4% of global annual turnover.

What it covers

Controllers and processors established in the EU/UK, plus organisations outside the region that offer goods or services to people there or monitor their behaviour.

Status

EU GDPR has applied since May 25, 2018. UK GDPR remains the UK framework after Brexit, with the ICO as the UK regulator.

Privacy Conduit view: Privacy Conduit cites the exact GDPR article for the request type and tracks the one-month response clock, including extensions.
Download GDPR regulation PDFEUR-Lex official Regulation (EU) 2016/679 PDF

Rights people can use

  • Access personal data and processing details (Article 15)
  • Correct inaccurate data (Article 16)
  • Erase data in qualifying cases (Article 17)
  • Restrict processing (Article 18)
  • Receive portable data (Article 20)
  • Object to processing, especially direct marketing (Article 21)
  • Challenge solely automated decisions with significant effects (Article 22)

What businesses must operationalise

  • Process data lawfully, fairly, transparently, and for limited purposes
  • Minimise data, keep it accurate, and retain it only as long as necessary
  • Implement data protection by design and by default
  • Secure processing and assess safeguards regularly
  • Notify supervisory authorities of qualifying personal data breaches within 72 hours

Practical benefit

  • Lets individuals see the full picture: data held, purposes, recipients, retention, and sources
  • Creates a strong deletion route when consent is withdrawn, data is unlawful, or retention is no longer necessary
  • Gives portability and objection rights that can reduce platform lock-in and marketing overreach

Important limits

  • Erasure is not absolute: legal obligations, public interest, legal claims, and other exceptions can justify retention.
  • Controllers can ask for information needed to verify identity, but should not collect excessive new data.
  • UK GDPR is closely aligned with EU GDPR, but enforcement and guidance come from the ICO.
US

California CCPA/CPRA and US State Privacy Laws

A state-by-state privacy system built around knowing, deleting, correcting, opting out, and appealing.

Who and where

California plus a growing patchwork of US states

Response clock

Most consumer requests: 45 calendar days, with a possible 45-day extension after notice.

Enforcement

California Privacy Protection Agency, state attorneys general, and state-specific enforcement schemes.

What it covers

California residents under CCPA/CPRA when a covered for-profit business meets statutory thresholds; other states apply their own thresholds, exemptions, and covered-rights models.

Status

California CCPA took effect in 2020 and was expanded by CPRA in 2023. As of May 2026, comprehensive state privacy laws have been enacted in roughly 20 states.

Privacy Conduit view: Privacy Conduit separates California-specific requests from broader US state requests, then routes the letter language and deadline to the right jurisdiction pack.
Download CCPA regulations PDFCalifornia Privacy Protection Agency regulations PDF, effective January 1, 2026

Rights people can use

  • Know categories and specific pieces of personal information
  • Delete personal information, subject to exceptions
  • Correct inaccurate personal information
  • Opt out of sale, sharing, targeted advertising, or profiling where covered
  • Limit use and disclosure of sensitive personal information in California
  • Avoid discrimination for exercising rights
  • Appeal denials under many non-California state laws

What businesses must operationalise

  • Publish privacy notices and explain categories, purposes, sources, and sharing
  • Provide designated request methods and verify the requester
  • Respect opt-out preference signals where required
  • Flow deletion and opt-out instructions to service providers or contractors where applicable
  • Maintain reasonable security practices for personal information

Practical benefit

  • Turns ad-tech and data broker opacity into an actionable opt-out right
  • Gives Californians a practical way to learn, correct, delete, and limit sensitive data use
  • For other states, adds appeal rights when a company denies a request

Important limits

  • The US still has no single comprehensive federal consumer privacy law.
  • Coverage depends heavily on state residency, business thresholds, exemptions, and data type.
  • California has a limited private right of action for certain security breaches; most state laws rely on public enforcement.
Brazil

Lei Geral de Protecao de Dados, 2018

Brazil's GDPR-inspired privacy law with a broad rights catalogue and a fast access deadline.

Who and where

Brazil, Brazilian residents, and services aimed at people in Brazil

Response clock

Confirmation can be simplified immediately; a clear and complete access statement is due within 15 days under Article 19.

Enforcement

ANPD; administrative fines can reach 2% of Brazilian revenue, capped at R$50 million per infraction.

What it covers

Processing carried out in Brazil, processing for offering goods or services to people in Brazil, or processing of personal data collected in Brazil.

Status

Effective since 2020/2021, enforced by Brazil's Autoridade Nacional de Protecao de Dados (ANPD).

Privacy Conduit view: Privacy Conduit supports LGPD access, deletion, anonymisation, correction, portability, consent withdrawal, and grievance language as separate right intents.
Download LGPD official PDFANPD official English LGPD PDF

Rights people can use

  • Confirm whether processing exists
  • Access personal data
  • Correct incomplete, inaccurate, or outdated data
  • Request anonymisation, blocking, or elimination of unnecessary or unlawful data
  • Request portability
  • Delete consent-based personal data
  • Learn which public or private entities received shared data
  • Withdraw consent and object to unlawful processing

What businesses must operationalise

  • Use a valid legal basis for processing
  • Provide clear information on purpose, form, duration, controller identity, and sharing
  • Adopt security, technical, and administrative measures
  • Designate an encarregado / data protection officer where required
  • Cooperate with ANPD and handle data subject petitions

Practical benefit

  • Gives Brazilian users both access and explanation: origin, purpose, criteria, and sharing
  • Creates a distinctive anonymisation/blocking path when full deletion is not the right remedy
  • Makes consent revocation and unlawful-processing objections concrete

Important limits

  • LGPD rights are broad, but portability and some mechanics depend on ANPD regulation.
  • Companies may preserve data when another legal basis or retention obligation applies.
  • Portuguese terminology matters in local escalation and regulator-facing communication.

For individuals

Learn the rights you can exercise. Privacy Conduit for individuals is opening early access soon.

Join early access

For businesses

Assess which laws apply, intake requests, approve fulfillment workflows, and keep an audit trail for every decision.

Review business workflow